Early signs of diabetic coma-various aspects-
Introduction-What is diabetic coma ?
A diabetic coma represents a critical medical emergency that leads an individual with diabetes to lose consciousness:
Explanation
A diabetic coma can happen when blood sugar levels reach dangerous highs (hyperglycemia) or dangerous lows (hypoglycemia). It’s a complicated condition that may arise from various complications, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS).
Symptoms
An individual in a diabetic coma remains alive but cannot be awakened or respond to stimuli. Their eyes might remain closed, and they may not consciously move.
In a country like India in such condition we recommend the patient to consult a MD-GENERAL MEDICINE DOCTOR OR ENDOCRINOLOGIST Many people ask then why to read all this text -the reason is that it helps you to understand the pathology better ,you can cooperate with treatment better ,your treating physician is already busy with his patients and he does not have sufficient time to explain you all the things right from ABCD.
Treatment
A diabetic coma can be reversed by addressing the underlying condition and stabilizing blood sugar. The longer you delay treatment, the greater the risk of death or brain damage.
Prevention
The most effective method to avoid a diabetic coma is to adhere to your diabetes treatment plan. If your blood glucose levels are regularly high or low, you should consult your doctor or diabetes healthcare professional.
Early indications of a diabetic coma consist of:
Thirst: Intense thirst or an exceedingly dry mouth
Frequent urination: Increased urination, especially during the night
Blurred vision: Loss of vision or blurred eyesight
Tiredness: Feelings of weakness or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting: Experiencing sickness in the stomach or vomiting
Fruity breath: A scent of fruit or acetone on the breath
Mental changes: Experiences of confusion, delirium, or hallucinations
Additional symptoms include:
Headache
Shortness of breath
Stomach pain
Increasing drowsiness
Rapid, deep breathing
A diabetic coma represents a state of deep sleep in which the individual is unresponsive and unable to move intentionally. However, they might still exhibit some reflexive responses.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a severe condition that may result in a diabetic coma or death. It results from a buildup of ketones in the bloodstream, which causes it to become more acidic.
Overview
A diabetic coma is a critical condition that results in loss of consciousness. If you are diabetic, extremely high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or extremely low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can result in a diabetic coma.
If you enter a diabetic coma, you are still alive — but you cannot awaken or respond meaningfully to visual, auditory, or other stimuli. If left untreated, a diabetic coma can lead to death.
Although the concept of a diabetic coma may be frightening, there are actions you can take to help avoid it. One of the most essential steps is to adhere to your diabetes treatment regimen.
Symptoms
Signs of high blood sugar or low blood sugar typically appear before a diabetic coma manifests.
High blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
When your blood sugar level is excessively high, you might experience:
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Blurred vision
Tiredness or weakness
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Shortness of breath
Stomach pain
Fruity breath odor
A very dry mouth
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
When your blood sugar is excessively low, you might experience:
Shakiness
Anxiety
Tiredness or drowsiness
Weakness
Sweating
Hunger
A feeling of tingling on your skin
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Headache
Difficulty speaking
Blurry vision
Confusion
Loss of consciousness
Some individuals, particularly those who have had diabetes for an extended period, develop a condition referred to as hypoglycemia unawareness. This means they do not experience warning signs when their blood sugar drops.
If you experience any signs of high or low blood sugar, check your blood sugar immediately. Based on the results, follow your diabetes treatment plan. If you do not start to feel better promptly, or if your condition worsens, seek medical attention immediately.
When to see a doctor ?
A diabetic coma constitutes a medical emergency. If you exhibit symptoms of high or low blood sugar and believe you may lose consciousness, call your local emergency services.
If you are accompanying someone with diabetes who has lost consciousness, seek emergency assistance. Inform the emergency personnel that the unconscious individual has diabetes.
Causes
Blood sugar levels that are either excessively high or low for prolonged periods can result in the following severe health issues, all of which could lead to a diabetic coma.
Diabetic ketoacidosis. When your muscle cells are deprived of energy, your body may begin to break down fat for fuel. This process produces harmful acids known as ketones. If ketones are present (detected in blood or urine) along with elevated blood sugar, the condition is referred to as diabetic ketoacidosis. Without treatment, it may progress to a diabetic coma.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is most frequently seen in individuals with type 1 diabetes. However, it can also appear in those with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes.
Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome. When your blood sugar level exceeds 600 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 33. 3 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), this condition is termed diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome.
When blood sugar reaches critical levels, the excess sugar transfers from the bloodstream into the urine. This initiates a process that withdraws a significant amount of fluid from the body. If left unaddressed, this can result in life-threatening dehydration and a diabetic coma.
Hypoglycemia. Your brain requires sugar (glucose) to operate effectively. In extreme cases, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) may cause you to lose consciousness. Insufficient food intake or excessive insulin can trigger low blood sugar. Engaging in intense exercise or consuming large amounts of alcohol can produce a similar outcome.
Risk factors
Anyone diagnosed with diabetes is at risk for a diabetic coma, but these specific factors can heighten the risk:
Insulin delivery problems.
If you’re utilizing an insulin pump, it’s essential to monitor your blood sugar regularly. Insulin delivery may halt if the pump malfunctions or if the tubing (catheter) becomes kinked or dislodged. A deficiency in insulin can result in diabetic ketoacidosis.
An illness, trauma, or surgery. While you are unwell or injured, blood sugar levels can fluctuate, sometimes drastically, raising your risk for diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome.
Poorly managed diabetes. Failing to adequately monitor your blood sugar or follow your health care provider’s medication instructions puts you at a greater risk of developing long-term health complications and increases the risk of a diabetic coma.
Deliberately skipping meals or insulin. Certain individuals with diabetes who also have an eating disorder may choose to forgo their insulin as a means to lose weight. This is a perilous and potentially fatal action that heightens the risk of a diabetic coma.
Drinking alcohol. Alcohol can yield unpredictable effects on your blood sugar levels. The impact of alcohol might make it difficult for you to recognize symptoms of low blood sugar. This can elevate your vulnerability to a diabetic coma due to hypoglycemia.
Illegal drug use. Illicit drugs, such as cocaine, can raise your chances of experiencing severely high blood sugar levels and conditions associated with a diabetic coma.
Complications
If left untreated, a diabetic coma may result in irreversible brain damage and death.
Prevention
Good day-to-day management of your diabetes can assist in preventing a diabetic coma. Keep these suggestions in mind:
Adhere to your meal plan. Regular snacks and meals can aid in managing your blood sugar level.
Monitor your blood sugar level. Regular blood sugar checks can indicate whether you are maintaining your blood sugar level within your target range. It can also warn you of dangerous highs or lows. Test more frequently if you have exercised. Exercise can lead to a drop in blood sugar levels, even hours later, particularly if you don’t engage in regular exercise.
Take your medication as prescribed. If you experience frequent incidents of high or low blood sugar, inform your health care provider. You may need adjustments to the dosage or timing of your medication.
Establish a sick-day plan. Illness can lead to an unexpected shift in blood sugar. If you are ill and unable to eat, your blood sugar may decrease. While you are well, discuss with your doctor how to manage your blood sugar levels best if you become sick. Consider keeping at least a week’s supply of diabetes supplies and an additional glucagon kit for emergencies.
Test for ketones when your blood sugar is elevated. Check your urine for ketones if your blood sugar level exceeds 250 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (14 millimoles per liter (mmol/L)) on more than two consecutive tests, especially if you are unwell. If you find a significant amount of ketones, contact your health care provider for guidance. Contact your health care provider immediately if you have any level of ketones and are vomiting. High ketone levels can result in diabetic ketoacidosis, potentially leading to coma.
Have glucagon and quick sources of sugar accessible. If you use insulin for your diabetes, ensure you have an up-to-date glucagon kit and quick sources of sugar, such as glucose tablets or orange juice, on hand to address low blood sugar levels.
Consider employing a continuous glucose monitor, particularly if you struggle to maintain steady blood sugar levels or do not recognize symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia unawareness).
Continuous glucose monitors are instruments that use a small sensor inserted beneath the skin to track fluctuations in blood sugar levels and transmit the data to a wireless device, like a smartphone.
These monitors can warn you when your blood sugar is critically low or if it is dropping too quickly. However, you still need to check your blood sugar levels with a blood glucose meter even if you are using one of these monitors. Continuous glucose monitors tend to be pricier than other methods of glucose monitoring, but they may enhance your ability to control your glucose levels.
Continuous glucose monitor and insulin pump
A continuous glucose monitor, located on the left, is an apparatus that checks blood sugar every few minutes via a sensor placed beneath the skin. An insulin pump, secured to the pocket, is a device that is worn externally, featuring a tube that links the insulin reservoir to a catheter that is inserted under the abdomen’s skin. Insulin pumps are set to administer precise quantities of insulin consistently and during meals.
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Before Knowing About Diabetic Coma You Should Know First About Diabetes Mellitus As Complications Such As Diabetic Coma Occur Only In Prolonged Neglected And Untreated Cases
Diabetes Mellitus—Different Aspects— In everyday conversation, the term “diabetes” typically refers to diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms
- Symptoms are typically absent. It is always preferable to get it done rather than wait for the day when the issue arises and treatment is required. Random blood sugar testing and other investigations are done after you turn 40. Other examinations are performed by a qualified, experienced MD in General Medicine, including ECG and blood pressure readings.
- A person with diabetes often experiences thirst (polydipsia) and consequently drinks water often. Everyone in his office begins to remark on him as if he were in any other profession. One possible initial observation is that this person is extremely diligent and frequently experiences thirst. However, as we are aware, individuals say one thing while thinking another. However, when the issue goes beyond a specific threshold, it raises the possibility of diabetes mellitus in one’s mind, and the person is advised to see a physician.
- Polyphagia – In this, the individual’s diet is enhanced. Typically, we rely on our own judgment, but if we notice that we’re feeling hungrier than usual, even without putting in much effort, this should raise a red flag and prompt us to see a qualified and experienced MD General Medicine specialist.
Polyphagia occurs because, in diabetes mellitus, either insulin production is low or the body’s cells cannot use blood glucose due to insulin resistance. Insulin is required for body cells to absorb glucose. In both situations, the absorption of glucose into the cells is reduced, leaving the person feeling much hungrier. - Polyuria – The naturally rising urine output results from an increase in water consumption brought on by heightened thirst. Therefore, when all three of these factors rise, the person in question ought to be alerted. Initially, only random blood sugar tests are recommended when such a person first sees an MD General Medicine physician. Only fasting blood sugar and postprandial (PP) blood sugar are recommended to rule out diabetes mellitus if it becomes very high.
Such a person should consult a knowledgeable and experienced MD in General Medicine as soon as possible, as early diagnosis and treatment can avert additional issues. - In a typical person, a wound will heal with scab formation and skin regeneration after a few days. However, in a diabetic patient, the wound stays raw for an extended period of time, despite receiving high doses of antibiotics and high-quality dressings. These factors support diabetes mellitus, but treatment is only initiated when the blood sugar level exceeds 200 mg/dl.
- Fatigue: A person with diabetes becomes tired easily. He has trouble doing excessively strenuous labor.
- Blurrring of vision: It is also necessary to test blood sugar at random when a person has blurred vision and an ophthalmic examination.
- Giddiness: Even if none of the symptoms mentioned above are present, giddiness alone or in combination with any of the other symptoms mentioned above requires a neurologist consultation, as well as random blood sugar, ECG, and blood pressure checks.
Diabetes Mellitus Types
The several forms of diabetes mellitus are listed below:
1. Diabetes: It is sometimes referred to as juvenile diabetes.
In this situation, treatment can be beneficial, but it cannot be healed. It is a chronic illness in which the pancreas produces very little or no insulin. It is a type of autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies are produced that damage the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Insulin must be given to these patients because it happens at a very young age.
2. Diabetes: This condition impairs how our bodies control and utilize glucose for fuel.
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus listed in the aforementioned link are just its general symptoms; however, diabetes affects many different body systems, including the nervous system, gastrointestinal system, wounds and infections of the skin, blood veins, eyesight, and kidneys. The descriptions of these effects may be found in the links provided below.
Due to their length, they are presented as separate blogs:
Diabetes’ Effects on the Gastrointestinal System
Impacts of Diabetes on the Nervous System
Diabetes’s Impact on Skin
Diabetes’ Impact on Infections and Wounds
Impact of Diabetes on Blood Vessels
3. Gestational diabetes is also known as diabetes mellitus during pregnancy.
In this, the placenta secretes specific hormones that inhibit insulin’s effects. The pancreas fails to produce enough insulin in these pregnant women. There is a chance that these women will develop type 2 diabetes mellitus after giving birth and later in life.
There may be no symptoms at all, but the diagnosis of gestational diabetes arises during the routine ANC checkup.
4-Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a collection of disorders defined by excessively elevated blood glucose levels. Although these forms of diabetes can develop later in life, they usually start before a person turns 30.
5. Neonatal diabetes
What is Neonatal Diabetes? Neonatal diabetes mellitus is an uncommon kind of diabetes that affects people during the first six months of their lives. Insulin is necessary for humans to help the body’s different cells generate energy. Babies with this disorder are unable to generate enough insulin, which causes their blood sugar levels to rise.
Wolfram syndrome.
6-Wolfram syndrome: is a genetically passed disorder that is usually linked to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy that starts in childhood. Furthermore, diabetes insipidus and sensorineural hearing loss are common complications in many people with Wolfram syndrome.
What are the four most frequent traits of Wolfram syndrome?
Wolfram Syndrome is a rare genetic condition that is sometimes called DIDMOAD syndrome due to its four most prevalent characteristics: diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness.
7-Alström syndrome.
Alström syndrome: is marked by progressive vision and hearing loss, dilated cardiomyopathy (a type of heart disease that enlarges and weakens the heart muscle), obesity, type 2 diabetes (the most prevalent form of diabetes), and short stature.
Alström syndrome is a rare disorder that impacts several body systems. Although some clinical characteristics of this condition manifest later in life, many others start in infancy or early childhood.
8. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)
Latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA): is a slowly progressing form of autoimmune diabetes. Similar to type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition, LADA is caused by the pancreas’s failure to produce enough insulin. This is primarily due to autoantibodies, which gradually harm the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. However, LADA is not as severe as type 1 diabetes because those affected often do not need insulin for several months to years after their diagnosis.
Diabetes Mellitus Research In
Random blood glucose
Fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels should be taken if random blood sugar levels are elevated.
In cases of chronic diabetes mellitus, Hb 1 AC must be performed, which this article explains in further detail below.
Since diabetes is commonly linked to high blood pressure and high serum cholesterol levels, it is important to do –
Lipid profile
Blood pressure evaluation by a physician (MD in General Medicine)
HbA1c-
The HbA1c value reflects the average blood sugar levels in your bloodstream over the course of two to three months. You must have ‘heard about mean, median, and mode.’ These are central tendency indicators. We would sum the heights of all 25 bus passengers and divide by 25 to get their average height.
In the same way, HbA1c reflects the average blood sugar level over a 2-3 month period.
It is essential for people with diabetes mellitus who have variable blood sugar levels and those who are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
In a diabetic person, the normal HbA1c level is approximately 48 mmol/mol, and it should ideally be under 42 mmol/mol.
Explanation: In a diabetic person, blood sugar levels rise because the glucose in the bloodstream cannot be used by the body’s cells due to its inability to be transported into them. Hemoglobin is a molecule found in red blood cells (RBCs) that is essential for oxygen transport. Glycated hemoglobin is produced when glucose levels rise and combine with hemoglobin.
In cases of diabetes mellitus, higher levels of glycated hemoglobin indicate higher levels of HbA1c.
Normal HbA1c levels are below 5.7 percent, whereas pre-diabetes indicates levels between 5.7 and 6.4 percent. It’s over 6.5% in diabetes.
Factors influencing Hb1ac levels.
1 – Anemia – The percentage of hemoglobin is extremely low in anemia, which also results in low glycosylated Hb and falsely low levels.
2- Incorrect results are obtained in kidney and liver diseases.
3. The values of He1 AC obtained are inaccurate when vitamins C and E are administered.
4. The values of GB 1 AC are inaccurate in untreated cases when the cholesterol level is elevated.
In any of these circumstances, you must inform your qualified and experienced MD Medicine physician treating your diabetes mellitus of all this information. It is very feasible that he may not have the opportunity to ask you these questions because he is busy with a large outpatient department. Therefore, awareness is really crucial. Knowing some things without a doubt helps us.
How often should the Hb 1 ac test be performed? A person with diabetes should have this test at least once every three months. This test can be performed less often if adequate blood sugar levels are maintained. In people with diabetes, it should be conducted at least twice a year.
The diet that people with diabetes mellitus need is somewhat different from that of those without diabetes. The requirements for a diabetic person’s diet are listed below.
Diabetic Diet: Section 1
A person with diabetes should stay away from processed foods, sweets, and outside treats. Homade food should be chosen.
Foods that are highly caloric, excessive sweets, ghee, and fried meals should be avoided.
A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and proteins is beneficial for people with diabetes.
High quantities of sugary and starchy carbs might raise blood sugar levels. According to the guidelines for a balanced diet, they should be consumed in the proper quantities. For this, you should seek guidance from a dietician.
The dietitian will determine the type and quantity of carbohydrates in the diet for diabetes mellitus patients based on the type of work the individual does and the level of physical exertion involved.
It also relies on the type of medication being administered to the diabetic patient, such as insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs, as well as the dosage of these medications.
With respect to your diet, consultations should only be conducted with your MD in General Medicine and your dietician.
The following are the guidelines:
Fruits and vegetables should be included in the diet.
A diet should include lean protein.
Vitamins, minerals, and nutrients are abundant in green leafy vegetables.
They hardly have any significant effect on the blood sugar levels of patients with diabetes mellitus. Spinach and kale are examples of green leafy vegetables that are high in vitamin A, calcium, potassium, as well as protein and fiber.
Diabetic people benefit from the antioxidants and starch-digesting enzymes found in green leafy vegetables.
The following list of green leafy vegetables is recommended for diabetics:
Spinach
Kale
Cabbage
Broccoli
Collard greens
Bok choy
Foods should be prepared in such a way that sugar is not added to them.
Kale should be juiced and given to patients with diabetes mellitus since it lowers blood sugar levels. It aids in lowering blood pressure in people with subclinical hypertension, but it does not help lower blood pressure in those with extremely high blood pressure.
These people should consume 300 ml of kale juice daily for six weeks.
You must notify your usual MD Medicine physician if you are doing this so that everything you do has his consent.
All of these vegetables should be included in soups, salads, side dishes, and meals. It should be paired with a source of lean protein, such as chicken.
Compared to refined grains, whole grains are better because they have higher fiber content and greater nutrient density.
An increase in fiber will prolong the digestive process. This will slow down nutrient absorption and help stabilize blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Whole grains include examples such as:
whole grain bread
brown rice
Buckwheat
Quinoa
Rye,
Bulgur
Millet
Since some of these artificial sweeteners are thought to be carcinogenic, choices about their use should only be made after speaking with your MD General Medicine physician.
If you have diabetes mellitus and are taking oral hypoglycemics, and you are having surgery at a hospital, you should notify the relevant operating surgeon about your current medications prior to the procedure.
Immediately following the post-operative period, there is a 6-hour NBM period. During this time, the patient is prohibited from eating or drinking anything. Iv fluids are permitted during this time. Even after this time and on the following day, the patient’s appetite remains poor, therefore either oral hypoglycemic medications should be avoided in accordance with the advice of your regular MD General Medicine physician and your operating surgeon.
Hypoglycemia can be dangerous if blood sugar levels drop too low due to low food consumption, and even more so if oral hypoglycemic drugs are used, as this can result in fainting.
In patients with diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia is excessively harmful while hyperglycemia is somewhat acceptable.
Diabetic Diet – Part 2
Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fatty fish. They are also referred to as DHA and EPA.
Better diabetes control can be achieved if the diet includes polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, control can be gained over the diabetic person’s high lipid profile. Fish that contain high levels of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are
Salmon
Herring
Trout.
Diabetic people and those with a high lipid profile should steer clear of prawns.
Fish that has been grilled, baked, or roasted should be eaten.
Fried fish should be avoided because it contributes oil to the diet, and we generally try to avoid oil in persons with diabetes or those with a high lipid profile.
Beans are beneficial for people with diabetes mellitus because they have a lower glycemic index. Compared to starchy foods, they aid in better blood sugar regulation due to their high protein and low carbohydrate content. They also include magnesium, potassium, and iron.
The individual’s appetite is also pleased. As a result, it can assist with cholesterol and blood pressure management, as well as weight reduction.
Refrain from bringing in canned beans from outside that are salted.
To prevent this, make them at home.
Walnuts: These are also high in omega-3 fatty acids, which are beneficial for the heart. Since people with diabetes mellitus are more likely to develop heart disease, they should eat these.
Omega-3 fatty acids can improve diabetes management and help regulate an elevated lipid profile. Walnuts are also high in protein, iron, magnesium, and vitamin B6.
The bioflavonoid antioxidants naringin and hesperidin, which are found in citrus fruits, are responsible for the antidiabetic properties of oranges.
Foods like citrus fruits are rich in Vitamin C, folate, potassium, and other minerals.
Berries: Patients with diabetes mellitus experience a lot of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a condition caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Berries, which are high in antioxidants, can help counteract this.
Blueberries are an example of berries that should be eaten.
blackberries
Strawberries
raspberries
In addition to being beneficial for diabetes, they are also rich in fiber, minerals like potassium and manganese, as well as vitamins K and C.
We should make it a habit to include them in our breakfast, as we may forget to eat them due to our hectic schedules.
Because they gradually release blood sugar and are a good source of potassium, fiber, vitamin C, and vitamin A, sweet potatoes are healthy for people with diabetes mellitus.
Probiotic Yogurt: These lower oxidative stress and inflammation. If a diabetic patient has high blood cholesterol levels, this probiotic yogurt might help lower it. It has been shown that hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes are interrelated. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium cultures are present in probiotic yogurt. A diabetic person buying probiotic yogurt from the store should verify that it does not include any added sugar.
Chia seeds, which are high in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, help lessen oxidative stress in patients with diabetes mellitus. Since individuals do not like to eat them directly, they should be incorporated into sweets and salads.
Diabetes Mellitus Treatment:
Diabetes is treated with several different drugs. Some are injected, while others are taken orally.
Diabetes mellitus type 1
The primary treatment for type 1 diabetes is insulin. It takes the place of the hormone that your body is unable to produce.
People with type 1 diabetes frequently utilize a variety of insulins. They vary in terms of how soon they begin to take effect and how long those effects endure:
Rapid-acting insulin begins to take effect within 15 minutes, and its effects last between 2 and 4 hours.
Short-acting insulin has a onset of action of 30 minutes and a duration of 3 to 6 hours.
Intermediate-acting insulin: begins working in 2 to 4 hours and lasts for 12 to 18 hours.
Long-acting insulin: begins working two hours after injection and can last for 24 hours.
Ultra-long-acting insulin begins to take effect six hours after administration and lasts for 36 hours or longer.
Premixed insulin has a onset of action of 5 to 60 minutes and a duration of 10 to 16 hours.
Diabetes mellitus type 2
For some individuals, type 2 diabetes can be controlled with diet and exercise. You will need to take medicine if lifestyle modifications are insufficient to reduce your blood sugar.
These medications reduce blood sugar in several ways:
Medications, Mechanisms of Action, and Examples
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay the digestion of carbohydrates and sugary foods in your body.
miglitol and acarbose (Precose)
Biguanides decrease the quantity of glucose produced by the liver.
Nesina, linagliptin (Tradjenta), saxagliptin (Onglyza), and sitagliptin (Januvia) are examples of alogliptin.
Glucagon-like peptides encourage your pancreas to produce more insulin and delay the emptying of your stomach.
liraglutide (Victoza), exenatide (Byetta), dulaglutide (Trulicity), and semaglutide (Ozempic)
In patients with diabetes mellitus, meglitinides encourage the pancreas to produce more insulin.
repaglinide and nateglinide
SGLT2 inhibitors cause the kidneys to excrete more glucose.
empagliflozin (Jardiance), dapagliflozin (Farxiga), and canagliflozin (Invokana)
Sulfonylureas encourage your pancreas to produce additional insulin.
glimepiride (Amaryl), glipizide (Glucotrol), and glyburide (Glynase)
Thiazolidinediones enhance insulin action.
It is possible that you will need to use more than one of these drugs. Insulin is also taken by some persons with type 2 diabetes.
Insulin therapy’s adverse effects –
The following side effects are observed in type 1 diabetes mellitus as a result of insulin treatment:
Weight gain: Before insulin therapy, cells cannot use glucose because it is difficult to transfer it into the cells.
Insulin aids in the movement of glucose from the blood into cells when it is first administered. As a result, cells are able to use glucose. Our body has a mechanism that facilitates the conversion of glucose into fats and proteins. Insulin also aids in the digestion of fats and proteins.
As a result of all these processes, patients with diabetes mellitus gain weight.
Hypoglycemia occurs when excessive insulin is administered or when insulin is given at the incorrect time, causing blood glucose levels to drop below the normal range. This leads to an insufficient supply of glucose to the brain, resulting in the person fainting. The following effects are observed in hypoglycemia:
Dizziness
Difficulty speaking
Tiredness
The person may lose consciousness.
Confusion
The skin turns light.
Sweating
Seizures
Muscle twitching
Fat necrosis: When a person receives subcutaneous insulin, it is injected directly into the subcutaneous fat, where it may cause a painful lump to form in the subcutaneous plane.
Therefore, a person with diabetes mellitus should constantly carry packets of sugar or chocolate with them, and they should eat these as soon as they can. Since hypoglycemia is consistently far more hazardous than hyperglycemia, family members should be aware of all of this.
If hypoglycemia (a drop in blood glucose below the normal range) happens in a hospital, the situation is considerably safer because hospital personnel can quickly administer IV glucose to bring it under control.
The patient may experience sweating and palpitations during hypoglycemia.
Rash or swelling: This may happen at the injection site.
Anxiety and Depression: A patient with diabetes mellitus who is taking insulin may experience these emotions as he begins to believe that something has happened to him and that he is now fully reliant on injections, unlike before. In this situation, the patient’s family should work to raise his or her spirits.
Complications from insulin treatment –
Myocardial infarction heart attack
Stroke
Ophthalmic Issues
issues associated with the kidneys.
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FOR INFORMATION IN GREAT DETAIL ON Gestational diabetes mellitus PL CLICK ON THE LINK GIVEN BELOW-It is always better to view links from laptop/desktop rather than mobile phone as they may not be seen from mobile phone. ,in case of technical difficulties you need to copy paste this link in google search. In case if you are viewing this blog from mobile phone you need to click on the three dots on the right upper corner of your mobile screen and ENABLE DESKTOP VERSION.
FOR INFORMATION IN GREAT DETAIL ON Diabetes mellitus PL CLICK ON THE LINK GIVEN BELOW-It is always better to view links from laptop/desktop rather than mobile phone as they may not be seen from mobile phone. ,in case of technical difficulties you need to copy paste this link in google search. In case if you are viewing this blog from mobile phone you need to click on the three dots on the right upper corner of your mobile screen and ENABLE DESKTOP VERSION.
If Any Patient of ENT Requires Any Surgery, Opd Consultation Or Online Consultation In Clinic of ENT Specialist Doctor Dr. Sagar Rajkuwar ,He May Contact Him At The Following Address-
Prabha ENT Clinic, Plot no 345,Saigram Colony, Opposite Indoline Furniture Ambad Link Road ,Ambad ,1 km From Pathardi Phata Nashik ,422010 ,Maharashtra, India-Dr. Sagar Rajkuwar (MS-ENT), Cell No- 7387590194, 9892596635
Issued In Public Interest By –
www.entspecialistinnashik.com
